Past Paper Questions

The role of the HSE is to provide support and advice (1) to individuals/companies on health and safety matters (1). Alternatively: to investigate (1) when there has been a serious health and safety breach (1). Or: taking enforcement action to prevent harm (1) and hold those who break the law to account (1). Or: raising awareness in workplaces (1) by influencing and engaging (1). Or: providing advice, information and guidance / inspections and investigations (1).

Any two of:

• Shut down the site (1)
• Issue an improvement notice (1)
• Issue a court order (1)

Note: Do NOT accept ‘issue fines’.

Control of Substances Hazardous to Health / COSHH (1)

Health and Safety at Work Act / HASAWA (1) OR: Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations / PPER (1)

1. No Smoking (Prohibition – action is forbidden) (1)
2. Goggles/Eye protection must be worn (Mandatory – action must be taken) (1)
3. Electric shock risk (Hazard – warns of a danger) (1)

Any two, one mark for the measure and one mark for description/reason:

• Installation of sturdy barriers (1) to warn people of the hazards (1)
• Installation of signs (1) to warn people of the hazards (1)
• Use of Hi-Viz (1) to ensure workers can be seen (1)
• Use of a banksman (1) to ensure vehicle is operated safely (1)
• Use of separate walkways (1) to limit interaction between work and pedestrians (1)

Any one, one mark for the measure and one mark for description/reason:

• Installation of traffic light systems (1) to reduce risk of collisions (1)
• Wearing Hi-Vis (1) so that workers can be easily seen by the driver (1)
• Deliver materials early morning or at night (1) to minimise the number of pedestrians (1)
• Use of separate walkways (1) keeps pedestrians away from deliveries (1)

Any two:

• Theft of equipment/machinery (1)
• Vandalism (1)
• Trespass (1)

Any two, one mark for control measure and one mark for description/reason:

• Erect a secure fence (1) with a gate that can be locked to prevent access (1)
• Hire security (1) to watch site overnight to deter potential thieves/vandals (1)
• Ensure equipment is stored away (1) at the end of each day to reduce risk of theft (1)
• Lock all vehicles (1) to deter theft (1)
• Install CCTV (1) to deter potential thieves/vandals (1)

Prevents injury to the body (1) from falling from height (1).

Prevents injury to the feet (1) from falling objects (1).

Prevents injury to the hands (1) from cuts (1).

(i) Likelihood of harm: High likelihood (1) (ii) Type of injury: Loss of fingers / hand (1)

(i) Likelihood of harm: Low likelihood (1) (ii) Type of injury: Loss of life / broken limbs (1)

Hazard (1): Exposed ditch with no barriers / no safety signage / uneven ground / heavy vehicles operating.

Description of risks (2): Risk of falling into ditch and injuring themselves / risk of machinery falling into ditch / risk of tripping / risk of serious injury or death from heavy machinery.

Control measures (2): Warning signs to alert people of the danger / erect a fence around the trench to prevent access / level ground to reduce risk of injury / use of a banksman to prevent injury to workers.

Hazard (1): No safety signage / working from height / heavy vehicles/crane operating.

Description of risks (2): Risk of accidents due to lack of safety instruction / risk of falling and injuring themselves or others / risk of injury from falling debris / risk of injury by being hit by crane.

Control measures (2): Increased signage to warn people of the danger / ensure workers use appropriate PPE to reduce risk of falling or injury.

Hazard (1): No safety signage / working from height / working in enclosed space.

Description of risks (2): Risk of accidents due to lack of safety instruction / risk of falling and injuring themselves or others / risk of injury from falling debris / risk of injury from falling materials.

Control measures (2): Increased signage to warn people of the danger / ensure workers use appropriate PPE to reduce risk of falling or injury.

Hazard (1): No safety signage / working in enclosed space / uneven or wet surface.

Description of risks (2): Risk of accidents due to lack of safety instruction / risk of falling / risk of injury from falling debris / risk of being hit by machinery / risk of slipping / risk of injury from collapse.

Control measures (2): Increased signage to warn people of the danger / ensure workers use appropriate PPE / ensure ground is clear of debris / use of a banksman.

• Theft of devices (1)
• Access to sensitive information (1)

Any one (1 mark for measure, 1 mark for reason):

• Lock devices away (1) — reduces risk of theft as devices are more secure (1)
• Take devices home at end of day (1) — reduces risk of theft (1)
• Don’t leave device unattended (1) — reduces risk of theft (1)
• Always lock device when not in use (1) — deters unwanted users from accessing the device (1)
• Upload info to network and delete from device (1) — reduces risk of accessing sensitive information (1)

Any one (1 mark for measure, 1 mark for reason):

• Ensure each device has password protection (1) — deters unwanted users from accessing the device (1)
• Enable GPS tracking on the device (1) — allows the company to track device if stolen (1)
• Put up signage reminding staff to lock up/take devices home (1) — staff more likely to follow procedure (1)

A — Red circle ‘No unauthorised access’ sign (1) D — Blue circle ‘Wear high visibility clothing’ mandatory sign (1)

• Warning: Deep excavation (1)
• Warning: Children must not play on the site / Dangerous site, parents advised to warn children of the dangers of entering this site (1)

(i) Mandatory (1) (ii) Accidents need to be reported so that issues can be addressed / unsafe conditions can be improved (1)

(i) Any 2 marks from:

• Detail exactly how to carry out work safely (1)
• Describe safety precautions to control risks identified in the risk assessment (1)
• Detail equipment to use and PPE required (1)
• Break each task into steps and assess hazards in each step (1)
• Cover how to dispose of waste safely (1)
• Include sequence of planned work, management responsibilities and emergency procedures (1)

(ii) Any one of: Safe systems of work / Work permits / Competent persons / PPE (1)

(i) Specialist gloves (1) — prevents damage to hands (1) OR Safety goggles (1) — prevents injury to eyes from flying particles (1)

(ii) Harness (1) — prevents injury from falling (1) OR Gloves (1) — prevents damage to hands/improves grip (1)

(iii) Gloves (1) — prevents damage to hands/improves grip (1) OR Safety boots (1) — prevents injury from falling bricks (1)

(iv) Overalls (1) — prevents burns to skin (1) OR Gloves (1) — prevents burns/dermatitis (1) OR Safety goggles (1) — prevents burns/damage to eyes (1) OR Mask (1) — prevents inhalation of harmful gases (1)

(i) Could be used: CO2 (1) OR Dry Powder (1) (ii) Should not be used: Water (1) OR Foam (1) OR Wet Chemical (1)

(i) Could be used: Wet Chemical (1) OR Fire Blanket (1) (ii) Should not be used: CO2 (1) OR Dry Powder (1) OR Water (1) OR Foam (1)

(i) Could be used: CO2 (1) OR Dry Powder (1) OR Foam (1) (ii) Should not be used: Water (1) OR Wet Chemical (1)

Any appropriate response giving initial effect and consequence:

• The worker may have lost a limb (1) and is no longer able to work (1)
• The worker may suffer from PTSD (1) and can no longer operate machinery (1)

Any appropriate response giving initial effect and consequence:

• The employer may need to shut the site down (1) and the project is delayed (1)
• The employer may need to retrain all staff (1), costing additional money and time (1)

Any 2 marks from:

• Provide support and advice to individuals/companies on health and safety matters (1)
• Investigate when there has been a serious health and safety breach (1)
• Provide advice, information and guidance (1)
• Raise awareness in workplaces by influencing and engaging (1)
• Carry out targeted inspections and investigations (1)
• Take enforcement action to prevent harm and hold those who break the law to account (1)

Any one of:

• Shut down the site (1)
• Issue an improvement notice (1)
• Take legal action (1)

Hazard (1): No safety signage / crane is easily accessed / working from height / heavy vehicles operating.

Description of risks (2): Risk of accidents due to lack of safety instruction / risk of falling and injuring themselves or others / risk of injury from falling debris / risk of injury through road collision / risk of injury by being knocked over.

Control measures (2): Increased signage to warn people of danger / ensure workers use appropriate PPE / ensure a safe designated walkway / erect a barrier to protect workers from passing vehicles / re-route vehicles away from working area.

Hazard (1): Exposed ditch with no barriers / uneven ground / exposed wiring/cables.

Description of risks (2): Risk of falling into ditch and injuring themselves / risk of machinery falling into ditch / risk of tripping / risk of serious injury or death through electrocution.

Control measures (2): Warning signs to alert people of the danger / erect a fence around the trench / level ground to reduce risk of injury / ensure exposed wiring is not left visible / isolate wiring until work is completed.

Hazard (1): Open water with no barriers / hidden debris under water / no safety signage.

Description of risks (2): Risk of serious injury or death through drowning / risk of serious injury through impalement on debris / risk of tripping / risk of accidents due to lack of safety instruction.

Control measures (2): Warning signs to alert people of the danger / erect a fence around the water / drain the water to reduce risk of injury / clean the water of any debris.

Hazard (1): No safety signage / significant levels of debris / no kickboards visible on scaffolding / working from height.

Description of risks (2): Risk of tripping and injuring themselves / risk of falling and injuring themselves or others / risk of injury from falling debris.

Control measures (2): Ensure the site is cleared up to reduce risk of accidents / erect appropriate working platform with kickboards / ensure appropriate PPE is worn.

CO2 (1) OR Dry Powder (1)

Wet Chemical (1) OR CO2 (1)

1. Mandatory — Hard hat must be worn (1+1)
2. Warning — Caution / General danger (1+1)
3. Prohibition — No naked flames (1+1)
4. Safe condition — First aid station (1+1)
5. Warning — Fire hazard / Flammable (1+1)

(i) Safety glasses/goggles — protect eyes from dust and projectiles which could cause eye damage, infections or loss of sight (2)

(ii) Ear defenders — protect ears from noise which could cause ear damage, tinnitus or loss of hearing/deafness (2)

(iii) Dust mask — protects lungs from dust, vapours and gases which could cause respiratory problems and lung disease (2)

Health and Safety at Work Act (HASAWA) (1) OR Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) (1)

Any two (1 mark for action, 1 mark for expansion):

• Laptops kept in secure lockers/cabinets when not in use (1) and not allowed off the site (1)
• Back up data (1) to a secure location e.g. cloud (1)
• Laptops are password protected (1) to make it difficult for unauthorised personnel to access information (1)
• Sensitive information uploaded to company servers (1) so no information is kept on laptops long term (1)
• Encryption/Firewalls (1) would help control access to the data (1)

Any two appropriate risks:

• Injury or death on site by falls (1)
• Crush injury from plant/machinery (1)
• Injury through use of equipment (1)
• Electrocution (1)
• Exposure to hazardous substances (1)

Any two:

• Theft of equipment (1)
• Damage of equipment/vehicles (1)
• Theft of vehicles/materials (1)
• Vandalism (1)

1 mark for control measure + 1 mark for description:

• Construction of a sturdier barrier (1) which reduces the risk of unauthorised access (1)
• Provision of security guards (1) to deter intruders overnight (1)
• Installation of monitored CCTV (1) to deter theft and vandalism (1)
• Introduction of an access control system (1) to prevent unauthorised entry (1)

A permit to work defines procedures to control high-risk activities (1) in terms of: the experience and competency of personnel required, the time(s) work can be carried out, and the methods to be used when carrying out the work (1).

A competent person will:

• Demonstrate the required skills, experience, knowledge and understanding of health and safety on site and be able to recognise hazards associated with particular tasks
• Apply skills and training to enable tasks to be performed safely
• Conduct risk assessments and review method statements prepared by others
• Provide site staff with the training, instruction and supervision that each individual requires
• Supervise emergency procedures, including the location of emergency equipment
• Consider and approve applications for permits to work

Hazard (1): Unsafe work platform / lack of PPE.

Risks (2): Workers could fall from height / no proper guard rails / danger of platform collapsing / people below could be injured from falling objects.

Control measures (2): Erect appropriate working platform / workers should wear correct PPE (harness and/or hard hat) / barriers at ground level to protect pedestrians / additional member of staff supervising.

Hazard (1): Construction waste not cleared up.

Risks (2): Trip and/or fall injury / injury could range from cuts and bruises to broken limbs / could even lead to death.

Control measures (2): Make sure waste is stored in a suitable area / clear up waste from the site / use signage to inform workers of correct waste disposal procedure.

Hazard (1): Exposed wiring visible / no exposed wiring should be permitted.

Risks (2): Workers could be injured by touching exposed wires / injury caused by electric shock / exposed wiring could cause a fire.

Control measures (2): Systems in place to ensure exposed wiring is secure / any live wiring should be isolated until work is complete / warning signs to indicate the danger.

Hazard (1): Using hand tools incorrectly / not wearing appropriate PPE / wood not secured.

Risks (2): Injury from cutting tool / injury could range from cuts to loss of limbs / electrocution / could lead to death.

Control measures (2): Use correct type of table/vice to hold the material / ensure all workers trained in using tools correctly / wear correct PPE (safety gloves).

1. Protective headwear / hard hat must be worn (1)
2. Protective / safety footwear must be worn (1)
3. Warning / danger — highly flammable (1)
4. First aid point (1)
5. No pedestrians (1)

(i) Employer responsibilities (any one):

• Protect the health, safety and welfare of employees and others affected by the business
• Do whatever is reasonably practicable to achieve this
• Protect workers from anything that may cause harm and control risks
• Carry out risk assessments that address all risks that might cause harm
• Give information about risks and how workers are protected; instruct and train on how to deal with risks

(ii) Employee responsibilities (any one):

• Carry out tasks and duties in a safe manner and comply with safety rules and regulations
• Consult supervisor if aware of any unsafe practice or in doubt about safety
• Obtain and use correct tools/equipment and not use any that are unsafe or damaged
• Ensure guards are securely fixed and all PPE provided is used
• Not operate any plant or equipment unless authorised/competent
• Report any accident, near-miss or dangerous condition to line management

Any two:

• Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 (1)
• Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR) (1)
• Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 (PUWER) (1)
• Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 (PPER) (1)
• Working at Heights Regulations 2005 (1)

(i) Hard hat — the hard shell helps protect your head by absorbing impacts from flying objects, falling objects or exposed electrical conductors (2)

(ii) Hi-vis clothing — improves your visibility so that the wearer can be easily seen against almost any background (2)

(iii) Protective footwear — protects against compression, puncture and impact injuries along with hot surfaces and chemical spillage (2)

Any two:

• Take action when breaches of legislation occur (1)
• Provide support and advice (1)
• Carry out inspections and investigations fairly and without bias (1)
• Ensure inspections are planned, carried out and reported effectively (1)

Any two (1 mark for measure, 1 mark for expansion):

• Laptops kept in secure lockers/cabinets when not in use (1) and not allowed off the site (1)
• Laptops are password protected (1) to make it difficult for unauthorised personnel to access information (1)
• Sensitive information uploaded to company servers (1) so no information is kept on laptops long term (1)

• Water: Class A (1)
• Dry Powder: Class A, C, D, E (electrical) (1)
• CO2: Class C, D (electrical) (1)
• Foam: Class A, D (1)
• Wet Chemical: Class A, B (1)

Regular testing / inspection (1)

(i) Eyes — Risk: Eye injury could occur due to sawdust and wood splinters entering the eye (2). Control measure: Safety glasses / goggles / visor (1)

(ii) Lungs — Risk: Breathing in sawdust could cause lung disease (2). Control measure: Respirator / dust mask / comfort mask (1)

(iii) Ears — Risk: Noise from the saw could cause damage to hearing (2). Control measure: Ear defenders / ear plugs / ear muffs (1)

Any reasons explained in detail (up to 4 marks):

• Members of the public could enter the site (1) by gaining access through the barrier (1)
• Equipment or materials could be stolen (1) as the barrier does not provide adequate security (1)
• Vandalism of equipment could occur (1)
• Injury to unauthorised people who gain access (1)
• Safety measures could be tampered with (1)

Hazard (1): Working at height / no PPE / no proper platform.

Risks (2): Worker could fall from height / no proper platform / people below could be injured from falling objects / eye, hearing and lung injuries from lack of PPE.

Control measures (2): Erect an appropriate working platform / remind workers of the need to wear correct PPE through signage / barriers at ground level to protect workers/pedestrians from falling objects.

Hazard (1): Inappropriately stored materials / lack of barrier at front of building.

Risks (2): Poorly stored materials could cause someone to trip / workers could be injured by falling / lack of barrier at open frontage could see workers falling from height.

Control measures (2): Construction waste stored correctly or removed from site / a skip on site to hold waste / materials stored safely and securely / a barrier and safe walkway at the front of the building to prevent falls.

Hazard (1): Lack of shoring / potential for hazardous atmosphere / exposure of buried services / workers close to heavy machinery / potential for water accumulation.

Risks (2): Workers could be trapped by collapse of the trench / equipment or soil could fall on workers / flooding could cause drowning / exposure to hazardous atmosphere (gas, vapour, dust, lack of oxygen) / contact with buried service lines (electricity, gas, water).

Control measures (2): Ensure excavations are made safe using trench supports or battering back / provide training for staff on potential dangers / ensure adequate inspections / ensure plant does not work too close to edge of excavation / employ a banksman.

Hazard (1): Open manhole.

Risks (2): Falling into the hole / injuries caused by the fall / tools can fall into the hole and injure workers working below.

Control measures (2): Barrier placed around the manhole / signage warning workers and pedestrians / if workers are not working in the hole it should be covered.

Any two from: Dry powder (1) / CO2 (1) / Foam (1). Accept correct colour of label if specified.

Water (1) or Wet Chemical (1). Accept correct colour.

Using a demolition hammer: Mandatory Ear Defenders sign (1) — reduces the risk of injury to hearing by reducing noise levels for the wearer (2).

Working in a dimly lit area: Mandatory High-Vis Vest sign (1) — reduces risks associated with not being seen, reducing likelihood of accidents such as collisions with site vehicles (2).

Applying paint in a confined space: Mandatory Respirator Must Be Worn sign (1) — reduces the risk of respiratory injury and disease for the wearer by filtering airborne particles (2).

General work on a construction site: Mandatory Safety Footwear sign (1) — reduces risks associated with foot injuries, protects against falling debris/materials (2).

Any two, each with a reason (2 marks each):

• Agreed delivery times (1) — staff are made aware of timings in advance, making the site safer (1)
• Temporary traffic lights on site (1) — better manages flow of delivery traffic, reduces likelihood of vehicular accidents and allows staff to cross safely (1)
• Designated person at site entrance (1) — makes staff aware of deliveries and assists in safe organisation of the delivery (1)
• Use of two-way radio (1) — helps communication between staff and drivers (1)

Any three from: Provide training (1) / Provide adequate welfare facilities (1) / Provide toolbox talks (1) / Provide safety updates (1) / Provide PPE (1). Accept any other reasonable HSE-aligned response.

Any three from: Wear the PPE provided (1) / Report any damaged tools or equipment (1) / Attend training sessions (1). Accept any other reasonable HSE-aligned response.

Any three, each identified (1) and explained (1):

• Deterrent — visible cameras can help prevent break-ins as potential intruders are aware they are being recorded
• Cost effective — cheaper than having security staff at each site
• Evidence — footage can be used by police in investigations or in court
• Multiple site monitoring — can monitor multiple sites and areas simultaneously
• Instant awareness — provides instant indication of any occurrence, unlike patrols which may only become aware after the fact
• Ongoing monitoring — allows monitoring of developing situations for both security and safety issues
• Damage detection — provides indication of safety issues from weather such as wind or flood damage

Any one identified and explained (2 marks): Injury or death from deep excavations (2) / accessing machinery/plant which has potential for serious injury or death (2) / significant danger from trips, slips and falls within the site (2). Accept any other reasonable explanation.

Any one identified and explained (2 marks): Noise pollution from site machinery and power tools (2) / mud/dust created by site activities and weather (2) / untethered debris blown onto properties and parked vehicles (2) / access to properties potentially disrupted by site machinery, plant and deliveries (2).

Any three from: Theft of materials, tools, equipment and plant (1) / vandalism — damage to site materials, equipment including safety equipment (1) / children entering the site and playing, especially near the pool — risk of injury or death (1) / risk of injury or death from entering the derelict house interior (1).

Any one described (2 marks): Perimeter fence — limits access to the site and reduces potential risks (2) / Drain the pool — reduces risk of drowning (2) / Extra barriers around pool — prevents access and reduces risk (2) / Designated secure storage for tools — assists security (2) / CCTV/lights/security staff — deters and detects intruders (2).

Hazard (1): Insufficient scaffolding and edge protection / bricks in skip not secured or covered.

Risks (2): Falling from height due to missing scaffolding/edge protection — risk of personal injury or death / bricks could fall and injure or kill people below.

Control measures (2): Install appropriate scaffolding with edge protection / provision of a Banksman to prevent workers being in the area underneath the skip when the crane is operating / creation of safe zones inaccessible to workers for the crane to operate over.

Hazard (1): Very little protection for workers on the roof and below.

Risks (2): Falling into the building due to lack of harnesses and safety nets/air bags — risk of personal injury or death.

Control measures (2): Provide workers with harnesses / install appropriate safety netting and/or air bags.

Hazard (1): Lack of proper safety signage and barriers near the trench.

Risks (2): Vehicles could be accidentally driven into the trench — risk of personal injury or death.

Control measures (2): Install appropriate signage and erect safety barrier, preferably with lights.

Hazard (1): Snow and ice covering many surfaces on the site.

Risks (2): Slips, trips and falls from slippery surfaces — could result in severe injuries.

Control measures (2): Stop working and close the site due to weather conditions — return to work when conditions improve.

One mark for each correct piece of text that accurately describes or labels the five safety sign symbols shown. Acceptable responses include the written instruction or warning text that would accompany each standard site safety symbol (e.g. ‘Hi-vis clothing must be worn’, ‘Danger — do not enter’, ‘No unauthorised entry’, ‘Fragile roof — do not walk on’, ‘Emergency telephone — in case of emergency dial…’).

(i) Employer (1): Provide a safe place of work / provide suitable equipment / provide training / provide PPE.

(ii) Employee (1): Wear PPE provided / report damaged tools or equipment / attend training / take reasonable care for own safety and that of others.

Any two from: HASAWA (Health and Safety at Work Act) (1) / PUWER (Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations) (1) / RIDDOR (1) / Manual Handling Operations Regulations (1). Accept any other relevant legislation.

(i) Hard hat (2): Protects the head from falling objects / reduces the severity of head injuries from impact / protects against bumping into low obstacles.

(ii) Hi-vis clothing (2): Makes the wearer more visible to site vehicle drivers and other workers / reduces risk of being struck by vehicles or machinery, especially in poor light.

(iii) Protective footwear (2): Steel toecaps protect against falling heavy objects / steel midsoles protect against sharp objects penetrating the sole / ankle support reduces risk of twisting injuries.

The HSE is the national regulator for workplace health and safety. It enforces health and safety law (1) / carries out inspections of workplaces (1) / investigates accidents and incidents (1) / issues improvement and prohibition notices (1) / can prosecute employers who breach health and safety law (1). (Any two points for 2 marks.)

Any two, each described (2 marks each):

• Password protect the computer/files (1) — prevents unauthorised access to personal data (1)
• Encrypt sensitive files (1) — means data cannot be read even if the device is lost or stolen (1)
• Lock the computer when unattended (1) — prevents others from viewing or accessing personal data (1)
• Only share data on a need-to-know basis (1) — limits the risk of data being seen by unauthorised people (1)
• Regular software/security updates (1) — protects against malware and data breaches (1)

Regular servicing/inspection (1) / annual maintenance checks by a qualified engineer (1) / monthly visual checks to ensure seals and pins are intact (1).

Hazard 1 (2): No eye protection — risk of eye injury from flying particles/sparks. Control measure (1): Safety goggles must be worn.

Hazard 2 (2): No gloves / inappropriate footwear — risk of hand/foot injury from blade. Control measure (1): Wear cut-resistant gloves and steel-toecap boots.

Hazard 3 (2): No dust mask / no hearing protection — risk of inhaling dust / noise-induced hearing damage. Control measure (1): Wear respiratory protection and ear defenders.

The temporary/Heras-type fence may be a security risk because: it can be easily moved or lifted (1) allowing unauthorised people to gain access to the site (1) / it provides little resistance to determined intruders (1) / gaps in the fence allow people to squeeze through (1) / there is no lock/gate preventing entry outside working hours (1) / equipment and materials inside are visible and therefore attract theft (1). (Up to 4 marks for a well-explained response.)

Hazard (1): No PPE being worn while using a circular saw.

Risks (2): Risk of serious eye injury from flying debris / serious cut injury to hands from blade / foot or toe injury if saw slips — could result in permanent disability.

Control measures (2): Provide and enforce use of appropriate PPE — safety goggles, cut-resistant gloves and steel-toecap boots / provide training on correct use of power tools.

Hazard (1): Derelict structure with unstable roof/walls and debris on the floor.

Risks (2): Risk of collapse of roof or walls causing serious injury or death / risk of injury from falling debris / trip and fall hazard from debris on floor.

Control measures (2): Structural survey before work commences / clear debris from walkways / prop/shore up unstable structures / ensure workers wear hard hats and appropriate PPE.

Hazard (1): Workers near a trench while heavy pipe-laying machinery is operating.

Risks (2): Risk of trench collapse burying workers / risk of the pipe or machinery falling causing serious injury or death / risk of workers being struck by moving machinery.

Control measures (2): Shore/support trench walls to prevent collapse / exclude workers from the trench while machinery is operating / appoint a banksman to supervise lifting operations.

Hazard (1): Open holes/skylights in a flat roof with no guarding or covers.

Risks (2): Workers could fall through the unguarded openings causing serious injury or death / materials/tools could fall through holes injuring workers below.

Control measures (2): Cover openings securely with load-bearing covers clearly marked as holes / install barriers/edge protection around all openings / ensure workers wear harnesses when working near unguarded edges.

Any three from: Unable to gain access to site toilet (1) / no guardrail where worker is using machinery (1) / no PPE worn other than gloves (1) / slip and trip hazards all over the site (1). Accept any other reasonable safety concern visible in the photograph.

Immediately close the site (1). Accept any other reasonable immediate enforcement action.

Take them to court (1) / issue an improvement notice (1) / issue a prohibition notice (1). Accept any other reasonable enforcement response.

Any three from: Don’t use the disc cutter (1) / alert others not to use it (1) / report to the site manager (1). Accept (maximum one mark): have cable properly attached (1) / change cable (1) / unplug/remove/make safe (1).

Any two from: COSHH (Control of Substances Hazardous to Health) (1) / HASAWA (Health and Safety at Work Act) (1) / Control of Asbestos Regulations (1) / RIDDOR (1).

Any extinguisher other than Water or Wet Chemical — e.g. CO2 (1) or Dry Powder (1). Reason: they are safe to use on electrical fires as they do not conduct electricity (1).

Water (1) or Wet Chemical (1). Reason: danger of shorting or electrical conduction — could electrocute the user (1).

Mixing cement by hand (4): Safety goggles (1) — eye protection from cement splashes causing injury/disease (1) / Gloves (1) — prevents burns to skin/dermatitis from cement contact (1) / Overalls (1) — prevents burns to skin (1) / Boots (1) — prevents foot damage from shovel and burns (1).

Cutting ceramic floor tiles (4): Specialist gloves (1) — helps prevent damage to hands from sharp tile edges (1) / Safety goggles (1) — helps prevent injury to eyes from flying particles (1).

Using industrial saw (4): Safety guard(s) (1) — helps prevent saw blade causing injury to self and others (1) / Signage (1) — helps remind operatives of dangers present (1) / Ear defenders (1) — protects hearing from noise (1) / Dust mask (1) — protects respiratory system from sawdust (1).

(a) Missing text: No unauthorised access (1) / High visibility vests/jackets must be worn (1).

(b) Missing signs: Yellow triangle ‘falling man’ sign associated with deep excavation (1) / Blue circle with safety helmet — Wear hard hats (1).

Any two from: Injury or death on site by falls (1) / drowning (1) / crush injury (1) / stuck in fence (1) / fall from height (1) / injury through use of equipment (1) / electrocution (1) / hazardous substances (1).

Identification of an appropriate control measure (1) with a description (1) and a reason for its choice (1). Example: Use of CCTV (1) — cameras covering the whole site monitored by security staff (1) — if staff note any children on site they can inform the police and send a staff member immediately (1).

Any two from: Theft of equipment (1) / damage of equipment (1) / damage of vehicles (1) / theft of vehicles (1) / theft of materials (1) / vandalism (1). Accept risk of HSE closing site or taking legal action.

Identification of an appropriate control measure (1) with a description (1) and a reason for its choice (1). Example: Security guards on duty outside site working hours (1) — staff patrolling the whole site ensuring there are no unauthorised people present (1) — if staff note any unauthorised people they can take appropriate action and possibly inform the police (1).

Hazard (1): Unsafe platform — wheels make it unstable, plank is not properly secured.

Risks (2): Risk of the platform moving which could lead to a fall and injury.

Control measures (2): Cover the hole to ensure the platform is more stable / use a proper scaffold platform with locked wheels / ensure plank is properly secured.

Hazard (1): The way the ladder is being used and supported on stairs is not acceptable and is unsafe.

Risks (2): The ladder could fall, meaning the staff member could fall and injure themselves / they could land on the stairs which is more dangerous than a flat floor / the person holding the ladder could also be injured.

Control measures (2): Use a proper work platform — the safe and appropriate way to carry out the work (2). Accept: using rollers with extendable handles as an alternative.

Hazard (1): No guardrail for worker protection / PPE not used (no goggles, ear defenders, hard hat or dust mask).

Risks (2): Risk of slipping and injury from fall (2) / serious injury from jackhammer (2) / eye damage from no goggles / ear damage from no ear defenders / head injury from no hard hat / respiratory problems from no dust mask.

Control measures (2): Fitting of guardrail to help prevent a fall (2) / signage to ensure specified PPE is worn (2) / training to ensure workers are aware of risks (2).

Hazard (1): Site vehicle working in an unstable manner over a trench where workers are present.

Risks (2): The site vehicle could slide or fall into the trench causing injury to the workers below.

Control measures (2): Barrier to prevent site vehicle from being placed in such an unstable position (2) / signage to ensure workers do not place themselves in such dangerous situations (2).